Introduction to Phonetics

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• ·   Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sound systems of languages. (Crystal, David.1980. ‘A First Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics’. Cambridge: University Press.)

• ·  Phonetics is the science which studies the characteristics of human sound-making, especially those sound used in speech, and provides methods for their description, classification, and transcription. (Crystal, David.1980. ‘A First Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics’. Cambridge: University Press.)

• ·  Phoneme is the minimal unit in the sound system of a language, according to traditional phonological theories. (Crystal, David.1980. ‘A First Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics’. Cambridge: University Press.)

• ·  Allophone in general can be described as conditioned variants of a phoneme, generated by phonological conditioning. Phonological conditioning is usually understood to be a matter of a language-specific ‘rules of pronunciation’. (Clark, John & Colin, Yallop. 1995. ‘An Introduction to Phonetics & Phonology’. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers.)